Relationship Between Spiritual Well-being and Happiness

Connection Between Spiritual Well-being and Happiness Presentation This part includes the outline of the current investigation, the ends drawn after the examination of the information and the ramifications of the investigation. It likewise incorporates the impediments of the investigation alongside the proposals for future exploration. Synopsis The motivation behind the investigation was to think about the satisfaction of people scoring high on profound prosperity and people scoring low on otherworldly prosperity. Further, the examination likewise investigated whether there were any huge sex contrasts in satisfaction just as otherworldly prosperity. Arbitrary inspecting technique was utilized to gather the example. The example was gathered from different post graduate schools and privately owned businesses in the city. First authorization was looked for from the establishments to direct the exploration in their separate grounds. At that point the polls were controlled to the members. The example was managed two polls, so as to gauge the significant factors of the examination. Otherworldliness was evaluated with the assistance of the Spiritual Well Being Questionnaire by Ellison Paloutzian (1982). Satisfaction was estimated utilizing the Subjective Happiness Scale by Lyubomirsky Lepper (1999). The example size was 222. To analyze the joy of people scoring high on profound prosperity and people scoring low on otherworldly prosperity, the complete example (N-222) was isolated into two gatherings dependent on the scored got on the Spiritual Well Being Scale by Ellison Paloutzian (1982). Those people whose scores lay one SD over the mean (above 104.38) framed the high gathering while those people whose scores lay one SD underneath the mean (below74.84) shaped the low gathering. In this way, the example comprised of 44 in the high and 37 in the low gathering (N=81). For examining the sex contrasts in joy and profound prosperity, the example included 112 male and 110 females (N=222). The example had a place with the working class of society, from the age scope of 21 to 30 years old. It included unmarried people of various strict gatherings (Hindus, Muslims, Christians). It included understudies just as working experts dwelling in Pune city. The base instructive capability of the example was twelfth grade. SPSS programming was utilized to investigate the acquired information. The autonomous examples T Test was utilized to analyze the gatherings on satisfaction and profound prosperity. In view of the audit of applicable writing, the speculations of the current investigation were detailed as: People who score high on profound prosperity will be fundamentally more joyful when contrasted with people who score low on otherworldly prosperity. There will be no critical contrast in bliss among guys and females. Ladies will score altogether higher on otherworldly prosperity than guys. Ends The discoveries from the current examination can be finished up as follows: It was discovered that there was a noteworthy contrast in bliss between people who scored high on profound prosperity when contrasted with people who scored low. The mean score of the high gathering was altogether higher on the variable of satisfaction when contrasted with the mean score of the low gathering. In this way it tends to be reasoned that people who score high on profound prosperity were more joyful when contrasted with people who score low on otherworldly prosperity. Sex contrasts were seen on joy. It was discovered that there was a huge distinction in bliss among guys and females, with females scoring essentially higher on joy in examination with guys. Consequently, it very well may be reasoned that ladies are more joyful in examination with men. No sexual orientation contrasts were seen on the variable of otherworldly prosperity. It was discovered that there was no noteworthy distinction in profound prosperity among guys and females. Despite the fact that the mean score for ladies was higher, the thing that matters was not critical. In this manner, it tends to be inferred that there are no huge sexual orientation contrasts on profound prosperity. Ramifications OF THE STUDY It was found from the current investigation that people high on profound prosperity were more joyful in examination people low on otherworldly prosperity and no sex contrasts were found in profound prosperity. It was additionally discovered that ladies were more joyful than men. The investigation of sex contrasts is basic in seeing how various sexes react to various circumstances. Otherworldliness can be utilized in advising and helpful settings as a way of dealing with stress to improve psychological well-being. Besides, the discoveries of the examination have suggestions in the clinical field, where individuals with perilous ailments can be educated to adapt utilizing otherworldly practices and procedures. The discoveries likewise can be utilized to make mindfulness and psycho-instructing individuals about the advantages of otherworldliness. Since profound prosperity is connected with more prominent bliss, individuals can utilize otherworldly procedures to improve their prosperity. Confinements One significant restriction in the examination of people scoring high on otherworldly prosperity and people scoring low, was that sex was not controlled. There were more ladies (25) in the high gathering when contrasted with men (19). Then again there were progressively male in the low gathering (22) than females (15). Lee, Seacombe Shehan in 1991 found that ladies were bound to report themselves as glad contrasted with men (Diener et al, 1999). Sexual orientation may have had an effect on the reliant variable, joy. Another confinement of the investigation was that the example size, for contrasting joy of people scoring high and low on profound prosperity, was little. Thus it is hard to make clearing speculations. The strict connection of the example was not controlled. The example comprised of people having a place with various religions, for example, Hindu’s, Muslims and Christians. In any case, the three strict gatherings were not similarly spoken to. Along these lines, this turns into a confinement as religion may assume a job in an individual’s profound prosperity and bliss. Further, different strict gatherings were excluded which additionally is an impediment. The age scope of the example was 21 to 30 years. Henceforth, the outcomes may not appropriate to other age gatherings. The example included people having a place with the center layers of society living in a urban zone in Pune city. Therefore, people from the lower and privileged of society just as those living in provincial territories were not viewed as which turns into a restriction as results may not substantial for these gatherings. Since self report inventories were utilized for acquiring the pertinent information, social attractive quality and faking couldn't be controlled. This likewise turns into an impediment of the investigation. Proposals FOR FUTURE RESEARCH In the current examination sexual orientation was not controlled while looking at people scoring high on profound prosperity and those scoring low on otherworldly prosperity. Some exploration contemplates demonstrate that ladies are more joyful than men (Blanchflower and Oswald 2004; Frey and Stutzer 2002; Praag and Ferrer-I-Carbonell 2008 refered to in Tiefenbach and Kohlbacher,2013) though others propose that men are the more joyful sex (Stevenson Wolfers, 2009 refered to in Compton Hoffman, 2011). Henceforth it is prescribed to take equivalent number of guys and females so as to show signs of improvement comprehension of the connection among otherworldliness and joy. Further, it is recommended to think about the strict affiliations of the members by taking equivalent number of people from every strict gathering (Cohen, 2002). Additionally, strict minorities can be incorporated to expand generalizability. Future examination can likewise contemplate distinctive age gatherings, for example, moderately aged grown-ups and geriatric populace. Examination has indicated that joy diminishes from youth to middle age and afterward increments from middle age to mature age (Blanchflower Oswald, 2008 refered to in Carr, 2011). Hence, extraordinary age gathering can be analyzed on otherworldliness and joy. Further examination can dig into different factors, for example, financial status, geological area, conjugal status, family structure and study its relationship with otherworldliness and satisfaction in order to comprehend if these components intervene the connection between the two factors.

What Are the Intended Effects of the Opening of Ridley Scott’s ‘Gladiator’ and How Effective Are They Free Essays

Ridley Scott’s ‘Gladiator’ was discharged in 2000 and won five Oscars (Academy Awards); including â€Å"Best Film,† â€Å"Best Visual Effects† and â€Å"Best Director.† Scott cast some notable on-screen characters, for example, Russel Crowe and Richard Harris. A few reports propose it cost a stunning à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½145 million. We will compose a custom exposition test on What Are the Intended Effects of the Opening of Ridley Scott’s ‘Gladiator’ and How Effective Are They? or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now The giving of Crowe a role as Maximus was noteworthy in light of the fact that he can depict a very much fabricated, genuinely solid, fight solidified pioneer. The character of Maximus appears differently in relation to the giving of Harris a role as the maturing Emperor with his emaciated and tired looking highlights. From the very start of the movie, the chief utilizes a sepia impact combined with a dim, cloudy practically monochrome impact. These join to give the impression of up and coming disaster just as passing on that the occasions are set in the removed past. The chief has even asked the creation organizations ‘Universal’ and ‘DreamWorks’ to make their logos’ sepia to show congruity. The verifiable data gave causes the crowd to put the film in a recorded setting. The utilization of old Roman textual style for the content further strengthens the unique circumstance and class. The data is accurate, gives names and data of genuine individuals. Unmistakably this is going a chronicled, activity film yet with a focal subject about force, control and one man’s battle for his opportunity from the murdering and butcher. The principal shot is an outrageous close up, when you would regularly anticipate that an extraordinary since a long time ago shot should see the scene. The extraordinary close up is concentrating on the actor’s hand skimming through the grass. The moderate calm music assists with making the shot fanciful. The primary character appears to be quiet since he is stroking the grass and he is wearing a wedding band to show he is a family man. After the moderate close up shot the executive shows the character alone on the front line which makes the past scene an unequivocal dream. To build up that it was a fantasy the chief hops from a moderate quiet shot to a medium close up on the character in an increasingly dull and melancholy shot. The character’s protection and wolf-skin shows that he is a significant man. The slice to a robin (a fledgling for the most part found in winter) with a dull foundation tells the crowd that it is winter. Subsequent to seeing the robin a little grin battles its way on to his face, which shows he isn't only a shocking, merciless warrior and that he has a delicate side. The outrageous since quite a while ago shot is acceptable to lay the right foundation of the combat zone, which is a dim and miserable woods. The name of the area ‘Germania’ is Roman for Germany, by utilizing the Roman language it assists with building up the way that it is an old, Roman film. This shot is progressively emotional in light of the fact that it stands out intensely from the past fanciful shot of the hand coasting through a quiet cornfield. The moderate music (adagio) begins the extraordinary since quite a while ago shot creation the climate quiet and delicate, it additionally makes it inauspicious in light of the fact that the adagio music is playing in the front line shot. At the point when the shot starts to zoom in the music turns out to be all the more vivacious and activity stuffed similarly as the military beginnings coming into see so you realize that they are doing battle. The music incorporates trumpets and a couple of drums which makes the shot increasingly military. The unexpected change in environment and music begins to develop the strain and desire that a lot of activity is fast approaching. As the shot moves to Marcus Aurelius, the crowd can see that he is a significant character. He is donning gold alongside a purple cape. The purple cape shows he is sovereignty in light of the fact that to make the shading purple a minor ocean animal called a Murex Mollusc was required. This animal was uncommon and huge amounts were required to make a limited quantity of color. Along these lines, purple pieces of clothing were profoundly prized superficial points of interest. While zooming internal the camera shot utilized is a low point which makes Marcus Aurelius appear to be high on his pony. He is additionally simply watching the war not busy and he has a harsh looking protector. The executive stresses General Maximus’ authority by utilizing a medium close up as he strolls along the entirety of his soldiers. Everybody is centered around him; they move off the beaten path, bow down and are continually calling him sir to show total regard. The ensemble he wears characterizes his position, he wears more reinforcement than the remainder of his military and he is likewise wearing wolf-skin. The executive anxieties Maximus’ authority and regard by making his statement last, the chief shows this in the accompanying statement, â€Å"The extend is good† this is where Maximus removes the other fighter, likewise â€Å"†¦is acceptable†, at that point, â€Å"agreed†, Maximus talks in an extremely low, peaceful, considered manner of speaking however the officers despite everything tune in with no inquiry which shows their regard for him. In the pre-fight persuasive discourse to his men, Maximus utilizes the kind of language that his men can comprehend to empower and rouse them. â€Å"Three weeks from now I will reap my yields. Believe were you need to be and it will be so.† Here he is making them ponder the future and set an objective for themselves. He at that point jokes that in the event that they get themselves isolated they are now in Elysium (Roman the great beyond). In any case, at that point he utilizes an expression that appears to be very bizarre for an intense, ruthless general of a forceful, supreme Roman armed force, â€Å"What we do in life echoes in eternity.† This line in a split second stamps out Maximus as having a profound and wistful perspective to his character. There are numerous contrasts between the Romans and the German Tribesmen, for example when Maximus is giving his discourse the entirety of his soldiers are in development unobtrusively tuning in and completely focusing, by differentiate the German Tribesmen are yelling and not giving any consideration. The battling style of the Romans is deliberate, synchronized and they are in an ideal fight arrangement, the Tribesmen are in confused going around like a riffraff. The Romans are outfitted with coordinating protective layer and comparable weapons while the Tribesmen have creature skins and harsh individual weapons. The Romans seem to have a total technique and are trained, the Tribesmen simply depend on their savage quality, and even their appearance is uncouth. The executive assists with building up the distinction between the different sides by making the efforts of each side in a steady progression. Around the finish of the fight the chief utilizes a method that appears to be totally unforeseen. As the fight is seething, there is boisterous military music with bunches of trumpets, drums and calls to arms. Anyway as the fight is arriving at a resolution and the Roman armed force is very nearly triumph, the executive changes to slow movement shots and an adagio score. Rather than seeing triumphant Romans commending their triumph and tuning in to triumphant music, the crowd is left in a somewhat confounded state. It is as though the executive is attempting to impart the pointlessness of the demise and pulverization. As the remainder of the Germans are being butchered and fires are seething out of sight the main human sound is the sound of overwhelming tired exhalation of breath, Even blood splattered, depleted Maximus’ triumphant cry, â€Å"Roma Victor!† and his soldiers’ cheers are nearly lost in the adagio. At that point in a scene that seals the worthlessness of war, the camera centers a drained, old, tired Emperor as he takes a full breath and shuts his eyes in an articulation that uncovers his miserable acquiescence that another fight has been won. From the start, I just idea â€Å"Gladiator† was essentially going to be a â€Å"blood and guts film,† But having watched it with more prominent consideration, I trust it is a really incredible film. Ridley Scott has painstakingly developed an initial scene that draws out the purposelessness of war and one keeps an eye on battle to be free. Scott had utilized a wide range of impacts, for example, slow movement photography, snappy change in air and a practically monochrome set with the orange of consuming flames and sepia tones. The melodic score has exchanged between triumphant military music and a moderate adagio indicating of unavoidable disaster and misery. Indeed, even the negligible exchange between the characters supplements the director’s proposed impact. By and large this is a heavenly opening scene. Step by step instructions to refer to What Are the Intended Effects of the Opening of Ridley Scott’s ‘Gladiator’ and How Effective Are They?, Papers

OCD Symptoms Obsessions, Compulsions, Diagnosis

OCD Symptoms Obsessions, Compulsions, Diagnosis OCD Symptoms and Diagnosis Print Diagnosing and Treating OCD Symptoms By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 27, 2020 Peter Dazeley Collection / Stone / Getty Images More in OCD Symptoms and Diagnosis Causes Treatment Types Living With OCD Related Conditions Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent symptoms, primarily obsessions, and compulsions. Proper diagnosis and treatment of  these  OCD symptoms can bring relief. Obsessions Obsessions are unwanted thoughts, images, or ideas that wont go away  and that cause extreme distress. For example, you might worry constantly about unlikely scenarios, such as  becoming contaminated with a deadly disease, unintentionally  screaming out an obscenity at a funeral, or that something horrible will happen to a loved one. Other common obsessions can include  a need for extreme order;  repeated doubts,  such as believing you may hit someone with your car;  aggressive or disturbing ideas, such as thoughts of murdering your partner or child;  or disturbing sexual and religious imagery. Compulsions Compulsions are behaviors that you feel you must carry out repeatedly. For example, if you are obsessed with contamination, you might wash your hands over and over again. Other common compulsions include cleaning, counting, checking, requesting or demanding reassurance, and ensuring order and symmetry. Symptom Types The way in which OCD symptoms are experienced varies widely from person to person. There are many OCD symptom subtypes, which can vary depending on when the OCD occurs. Some people may even have symptoms of other disorders, such as schizophrenia. Finally, OCD symptoms can appear in response to very specific circumstances, such as infection or the birth of a child. Types of OCD Compulsive Hoarding Pathological or compulsive hoarding is a common OCD symptom. Hoarding is defined as acquiringâ€"and failing to throw outâ€"a large number of items that would appear to have little or no value to others. It often includes severe cluttering that gets in the way of home, work and/or social life. Diagnosis Although OCD symptoms are accepted as having biological roots, symptoms cant be diagnosed using a blood sample, X-ray or another medical test. A mental health professional such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, family doctor, or nurse with special training will usually make a diagnosis of OCD using medical judgment and experience. Be sure to speak as honestly as you can about your symptoms so that your health care professional can assist you in the best way possible. OCD Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Treatment OCD symptoms were once thought of as difficult to treat, but in reality, more than two-thirds of people with OCD respond well to treatment, including medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, surgery, and self-help strategies. Discuss with your healthcare provider which treatment option may be best for you, so you can start to reduce the amount of anxiety in your life.

Nitro vs nitrito linkage isomers Essay - 1608 Words

Abstract In this experiment, the nature of linkage isomers will be observed on the example of nitritopentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride and nitropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride. Their relative stability will be compared on standard conditions and the infrared spectroscopy of both the isomers will be obtained to analyze the characteristic absorption bands for the nitro and nitrito group. Yield for nitritopentamminecobalt(III) Chloride was obtained to be = 1.9221 g(73.24 %) and yield for nitropentamminecobalt(III) Chloride = 0.76 g(76 %) Introduction Linkage isomers may arise when one or more of the ligands can coordinate to the metal ion in more than one way. The first reported example of linkage†¦show more content†¦A portion of the nitrito complex was placed in the oven at 110 degrees Celsius and was left for a week. The product was observed to have dark green color and the infrared spectrum was obtained for this compound as well using KBr pellets. Results Theoretical yield calculations For [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 + NaNO2 = [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 + NaCl (eqn 1.4) n([CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2) = 2.518 g / 250.4456 = 0.010054 mol n(NaNO2) = 2.5 g / 68.99 = 0.03624 mol Thus, [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 is the limiting agent. n([CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2) = n([Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2) = 0.010054 mol m([Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2) = 0.010054 mol * 260.998 = 2.62407 g %Yield = 1.9221 g / 2.62407 g = 73.24 % For [Co(NO2)(NH3)5Cl2 [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 = [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 (eqn 1.5) Their molecular weight is same so % Yield = 0.76 g / 1 g = 76 % Infrared spectrum table Table : Absorption bands of the products synthesized Compound name Peak(cm-1) Peak assignment Literature reference (cm-1) Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride 3300.42 (s) Vas(NH3) 3267 1 3171.33(s) Vs(NH3) 3174 1 1588.97(m) Vas(NH3) degenerate 1589 1 1308.34(s) Vs(NH3) angle deformation 1309 1 859.46(s) Ï r(NH3) 850 1 499.027 Vs(Co-N) 485 1 Nitropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride 3214.3(s) Vas(NH3) 3200 1 1617(s) V(as(NH3) degenerate 1615 1 1435.7(s) Vas(NO2) scissoring

A Hero’s Breakdown Essay - 1117 Words

Ideas abound of what true heroism is in this day and age. To some, a true hero may be the person that led their favorite sports team to a championship. To others, true heroes are the doctors that helped a loved one get better from a serious illness. Some even see the person that gives them inspiration on a day to day basis as a true hero. To many, however, a true hero is so much more than that. To many, a true hero is the one that goes the extra mile t follow a strict moral code, both at home and in the public eye. A true hero is the one who will stand up for what he or she believes and what is right, no matter what the consequences may be. A true hero gives hope for humanity to the masses. Atticus Finch, from Harper Lee’s To Kill A†¦show more content†¦The values that his children learn from him help them to become good and upstanding citizens of Maycomb, while giving them a better understanding of the world and why things happen the way that they do. If no one elseà ¢â‚¬â„¢s, he is definitely Scout and Jem’s hero (Santos 210). Atticus has a strong understanding of the nature of humans, and that sets him apart from all the rest of Maycomb. He knows that what he is doing for Tom Robinson is not going to be well received by his community, and he knows why they are so against him (Powell). The people of Maycomb are scared of a coming change, and he understands where they are coming from. His refusal to give up and keep pushing, even though it somewhat hurts his reputation, is a hard feat to overcome. Even though he loses his case, his standing up for what is right despite the amount of hate he received is a very important thing (Atticus). For the African-American population, times were especially hard. They knew that there was no hope for Tom, but Atticus gave hope to them for a whole new reason. They were given hope for a past due change in the behavior of their society. When the Caucasian population learned that a white man was going to be defending a black man in court to his fullest abilities they thought was a terrible thing. It just was not thought of, and when it finally was thought of it planted a seed in their minds. The seed that was put into the people of Maycomb’sShow MoreRelatedHercules : The Archetypes Of A Heros Journey1388 Words   |  6 Pagesjourney, be it spiritual, mental, or physical. The breakdown of this journey was first introduced and analyzed by Joseph Campbell. The concept of the hero’s journey is used to describe the adventures of someone who accomplishes great tasks within the plot of the story (Hero’s Journey). Raja Vikram is the hero within the traditional Indian fo lktale Raja Vikram and the Princess of China, and his story could be considered a hero’s journey. A majority of hero’s journeys follow a specific archetype, but someRead MoreThe Character of Don John in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing827 Words   |  4 Pagesreally be there or feels like an outcast. The next time we meet Don John in the play in is Act I scene III. We learn that he has two associates, Conrade and Borachio. Borachio is the servant of Don John and the lover of Margaret who is Heros serving women. In this part, we discover that Don John is very independent. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I cannot hide what I am: I must be sad when I have cause, and smile at no mans Jests, eat when I have stomach, and wait for no mans Read MoreHonor and Sprezzatura in Much Ado about Nothing1310 Words   |  5 Pagesprevents him from doing as such. Violent emotions of anger, resentment, and jealousy are frequently agitated in Claudio due to his limited foresight and devastating impatience. 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The Bible Among Myths Free Essays

string(34) " rather than function or quality\." Old Testament Introduction July 6, 2014 Introduction The author, a research professor at Wesley Biblical Seminary by the name of John N. Oswald, attempts to explain the similarities and differences of the Holy Scripture and its teachings from that of the neighboring Ancient Near East beliefs. Moreover, he attempts to answer the question of how scholarly opinions of the disagreements found between Genesis and Babylonian accounts of the origins of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bible Among Myths or any similar topic only for you Order Now He points out how the modern-day scholars are now comparing the Bible to other religious documents and considering it as Just another mythical belief. Oswald credits this world-view change to a study of similarities between the Bible and like Near Eastern writings rather than before when perhaps more interest was placed on viewing the differences. These studies are explained in the first half of this publication and sub-titled The Bible and Myth. Within the second part of the book sub-titled The Bible and History, he solicits the reader to ask questions about the authenticity of the Old Testament, or is it even important that the Bible be historically accurate? Even if those inaccuracies are proven, does it hold any significance in the theological beliefs presented within? To summarize the books overall theme, Oswald desires that his reader gives any evidence of accuracy the credit it is due. Not to be swayed by unsubstantiated conjectures that might diminish the focus of what is fundamentally true. His is not a request for us to look past the inaccuracies or to take a stance that if the Bible says it’s so then that’s all there is to it. Mr.. Oswald asks the reader to allow the possibility f ‘harmonistic’ and not Jump to any conclusions without allowing for the truth to reveal itself in the scripture. Part I The Bible and Myth Chapter One The Bible In Its World In the opening chapter, Oswald looks into the diverse views of world creation and being. He compares and contrasts how Greek philosophy influenced the monotheistic culture of the Israelites which ultimately contributed to the Western world beliefs we know today. Early Greek philosophers reasoned that there is but one â€Å"universe† with a sole point of unification and not a â€Å"powers† with variable sources of creation. They taught that everything could be reasoned and that something could be so and not so at the same time. This belief conflicted with that of the world view of the Ancient Near East (ANNE). The world view supposed that existence on earth was the result of many unseen forces in the realm of the invisible. Apparently the Greek philosophers proposing this message didn’t win over the acceptance of that culture and they found themselves forced out and into hiding, some taking their own lives thus ending the age of Greek philosophical thought. This struggle was displayed in he play Beach by the Greek playwright Euripides wherein the conflict is played out between the rational human-nature component acted out by men who were pitted against the women that played the part of the irrational side of Human existence. The men were killed by the women depicting the two opposing views could not coexist and the polymers of many deities would dominate cultural thought. At about the same time, it seems that the Israelites were experiencing a similar battle of faith. The Hebrew believed that there was a sole Creator that rewarded and disciplined based on obedience to God’s will. This view was quite the opposite from that of the polymers thinkers and against the beliefs of the Ancient Near Eastern cultures that trusted in the parallel invisible world. Even them, the Hebrew held to their conviction of a monotheistic God and the prophet’s ability to predict the exile and return of the Israelites strengthened that resolve. Christianity was to be the compilation of Greek thought and Hebrew belief. The Greek logic provided cause and effect for the Hebrew creation theory of God. Finally acknowledgment that God is not the world and the world is not God. Logic and science working together. Oswald writes here that an important conclusion is derived in that science and logic are not self-evident, neither able to stand alone. Together, the system provided value to the individual and the importance of history and why things are as they are. Closing out Chapter one Oswald laments the apparent modern reliance on rationalism and less on our God. History and the people are becoming less relevant and there is more emphasis placed on comfort, pleasure and self-preservation. Assault’s hope is that the younger readers will realize this direction and reconsider the turn away from God and toward the enemy. Chapter Two The Bible And Myth: Oswald lays out the root for Biblical reality. He questions how the Bible can be included with the Ancient Near Eastern arguments as a myth when it is so radically different. The true question being the actual definition of a myth. Oswald allows that this question fully depends on the definition of the term. It is also important to grasp why there is a desire to place it in the mythological category to begin with. Here Oswald compares the many definitions of a myth. He assembles all the similarities possessed by each to redefine a true myth. Oswald provides allegory reasoning to establish that a definition too broad will result in a loss of validity. He explains that only to broaden the scope of the definition to suit (or include) the Bible does nothing to add credit to the validity of the meaning. Oswald ends this chapter with a compilation of definitions and has primarily grouped them into two categories. Within this the first, we find etymological, sociological and the literary. Primarily, Oswald wants the reader to know that to appropriately define a myth, you must have narrowed down the definition. In this category, the definition is narrowed down to hat of Just characteristic rather than function or quality. You read "The Bible Among Myths" in category "Papers" Something with order and predictability. This section summarizes the attempts to provide more adaptive definitions and theories to define a myth led to commonality or continuity to describe the world-view. He offers that the philosophy of continuity states that all things are continuous and are one, defining that God and earth are one but separate. That said, an item made from earth is God. This is true for all religions except those beliefs which have derived from the Hebrew being Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Chapter Three Continuity: The Basis Of Mythical Thinking In this chapter we follow Oswald as he delves into the ideology supporting the supernatural aspects of myth. It provides that myth views are Just another way of tuning into reality than what we accept using Westernizes logic. By defining myth as â€Å"all things continuous†, there can be no distinction between the three realms of human, nature and divine. Oswald describes the term pantheism and how things that look and sound alike are considered the same therefore to worship an idol is to worship a God. Through this logic, mankind can alter the outcome of natural events by way of their idols. He states that this is the single most important aspect to the way of thinking that characterizes myth. It is believed that in Myths, a magic spell can disrupt the continuous nature of things, bringing chaos and disorder between the realms. Myths are polytheism meaning many Gods. They are often represented through symbolism. It is fundamental in myth that all things begin with matter. In myth, humans exist to serve the gods. They have no significance in the mythical world. Personalities are exceptions to the norm creating chaos to the continuity. That world is a continuous circle coming and going nowhere at all times. Chapter 4: Transcendence: Basis Of Biblical Thinking The Bible, when compared to the surrounding ANNE, is radically different in how it approaches reality. The Old Testament, regardless of the historical statements being true or false, is consistent. Common Characteristics Of Biblical Thought: The two biggest differing traits in the Old Testament are monotheism and iconoclasm. Monotheism maintains that Heehaw is the sole creator and separate from the world. The Hebrew people are the only culture ever to exist that believed in monotheism. Israel, which was less advanced in all aspects of culture then the surrounding ANNE, insisted on a monotheistic religion above all. Iconoclasm states that God cannot be made in any image or any created form. It is clearly stated and defined in the Old Testament (Ex. 20-4-5); muff shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything in heaven above or the earth beneath or in the waters below. You shall not bow down to them or worship them. † This belief is the basis of transcendence. God is not the world, God cannot be identified to the world, God cannot be recreated and God cannot be manipulated by the world. Other distinct characteristics that separate Hebrew thought from all other belief systems are: 1 . God is spirit and not matter which is the polar opposite viewpoint of myth. Myth states that matter is the basis of everything. 2. ) There was no conflict during the creation process. In myth creation evolves from chaos but in the Old Testament the world exists only because God spoke it into existence. 3. ) The Old Testament has a very high viewpoint of humanity. In fact man is made in the image of God. God created man last and man is the apex of all creation. In myth humanity is an afterthought and the only purpose is to provide for the gods. 4. ) God is reliable and consistent. Heehaw will bless people and be there for his people even when it is not to God’s advantage. In myth the gods are fickle and only self-serving. 5. ) God is supra-sexual which simply means God is not sexed. He is neither male nor female. He is spirit being and does not take on any traits of sexuality and sex played no part in the creation process. In myth gods comes into existence by sexual means. They have sex with each other to make other gods and also have sex with desirable women to make semi-gods. 6. ) Since God is not sexed in the Bible, sex is dissocialized in the Old Testament. God set clear boundaries o establish what is acceptable and what is forbidden when dealing with sexual relationships. Mythology uses all types of sexual rituals so that they can influence and manipulate the gods. There are no boundaries and anything goes. 7. ) The Old Testament also prohibits the use of magic. Sorcery of all kind is forbidden and may not be used to attempt to manipulate God in any ritualistic way. The attempt to manipulate God to gain self-interest is vile to God. You maintain a personal relationship with God though prayer and obedience. In mythology magic, sorcery and rituals are common and essential to dealing with the gods. There is no individual as the individual is Just part of the continuous nature. The gods are only influenced through the rituals of society. 8. Humans relate to God though ethical behavior and to the disciplined obedience of God. What matters most to the Israelites is how people treat their parents, their children, their neighbors and strangers. They show their commitment to God by how they interact with others. God gives strict laws for his people to uphold and follow. Strict obedience to this covenant will create holiness for oneself bringing one closer to the holiness of God. Transcendence As The Underlying Principle: The underlying and most important distinction in the biblical understanding of reality is how God is in relation to the cosmos. In mythical thinking god is the cosmos or the cosmos is god. The source and the manifestation are indistinguishable and are continuous. In Biblical thought God is transcendent. God is not the cosmos and the cosmos is not God. God is separate and apart from the creation. This belief is completely contrary to continuity and distinguishes that God and heaven are not part of the natural world. The world is separate and only exists cause God willed it into existence by his word. This is the law of transcendence that clearly shows God is other than the cosmos. Oswald established in this chapter that all the reasons which make something a myth are opposite from the biblical worldview of the Old Testament. The Bible can therefore not be considered a myth. This does not say that the Bible is true but it is definitely not a myth. One thing is true; the Bible is unique and consistent which gives credence to the approach. Chapter 5: The Bible Verses Myth Ethics: In mythology there are two kinds of ethical misbehaver, offenses against gods ND offenses against people. Most offenses against the gods deal in the magical realm with rituals or spells. It is an attempt to ward off the gods from interfering or to manipulate the gods to gain favors. The repercussion of the offense depends on the mood, reaction and the personality of the god at the time. Offenses against other people are another matter. It is a crime against the laws of society that have predetermined punishments. In myth the laws are understood to be human creations. Therefore Judgment is by the people and there isn’t reason to appeal to gods for help. In biblical thought, God has a covenant with man and all the laws for how people relate to God and to each other come from God through transcendence. One is either obedient or not to the law of God. There is no distinction between sin against God and crime against society. They are both lack of obedience to the written commands from God. What is unique is that the standard of the law and covenant with God is formed from the character of the one true Heehaw. Another biblical thought on ethics to consider is that the expectations are clear to all. There are clear results from compliance or noncompliance by the individual. One can gain more insight into God’s nature by how one reacts ethically in the physical world. Things happen too person because of what that person has done or is doing. It is no longer an unknown act in the divine world. Lastly, is the free choice from allowed by God, a person’s choice can impact what happens; it is no longer Just a reflection from the other realm or from a cosmic event. Jerusalem fell not because other gods in the divine defeated Heehaw, but because the people broke their covenant with God and God allowed the fall. It was a result of free choices and the consequences from those hoicks. The Significance of Similarities Between Israelites and Non-illustrates: Oswald now turns to similarities between the Israelite belief system and other surrounding cultures of the ANNE. There are five main topics that Oswald reviews: 1). Similarities in Practice: Without question there are similarities in the practices of the Hebrews and their neighbors. One obvious similarity is that both had laws that were delivered to them from God. Another similar practice is the ritual of sacrifice and the ceremonial cleanness associated with the practice. Still further is the set-up of the tabernacle ND covenant with God which is almost identical to the Canniest sanctuaries. What makes the Hebrews stand apart is the obedience to the concept that if I do something to my neighbor it has a direct correlation to my relationship to God. The Egyptian, Canniest and Mesopotamia could not accept that if one stole from another person it was a violation to the creator. No matter how similar any of the beliefs or practices seemed, the deciding factor that separated the Hebrews was their relationship of the individual to God. There is a system of ethics that affect by one’s behavior in all matters. 2. Similarities in Expression: There are references in the Bible to the cosmos and to other mythical things such as the Leviathan. Some argue that the Hebrews believed in the chaos of cosmos or continuity because of the mention of mythical things that are used as reference in the Bible. Oswald states the difference is that, â€Å"the transcendent God is accomplishing his will through an obedient nature in a specific historic event. In a unique moment in time and space, never to be repeated, but also ever to be forgotten, God has worked redemption for his people. † The Bible doesn’t necessarily believe the myth of the surrounding ultras, but makes the point of the myth, to only break the myths validity, to make it absolutely clear it is God who prevailed. 3,) Similarities in Thought Patterns: There is a scholarly consensus that believes the Israelite religion is based on the principle of continuity which is similar to the surrounding ANNE culture. The Israelites abandon the belief system of continuity because of a cataclysmic event. It is further argued that the event was the exodus from Egypt and that all documented history of the Israelites prior to the exodus was rewritten to mirror the recent adopted reenactments God belief. The problem with this argument is that the Hebrew believes that God reveals himself through unique events and persons in time and space. The historical relevance is absolute and the inspired written word of God. It is contrary to the entire belief system of a transcendent God that defines the Hebrew thought. 4. ) Genesis: Is Genesis, especially the early chapters, written in myth? The problem with this thought is that the characteristics that define a myth are absent. There are not multiple gods, there is no continual creation that the world reflects, sex is not a part f the creation story, there is a high view of man not a low one and there is no conflict between order and chaos. Scholars have attempted to say that in Genesis 1:1 â€Å"When God began to create the heaven and earth, the earth was without form and void. † that Hebrews believed in a preexistent chaos. The second point scholars make to say that Genesis is a myth, is that the creation story is similar to the Babylonian. When observed closely the texts of the two stories do not really match. The majority of the Babylonian creation story focuses on the creation of the gods and the battle between gods for a supreme rule. They are only similar in a logical progression of how things were made The bottom line is that there is no conflict between good and evil or any sexual deeds that transpired to make the creation process start. The world both in heaven and on earth are because God willed it and commanded it to be so by his word. Psalms: There are many Psalms that can be construed as similar and describing pagan gods and viewpoints. Oswald demonstrates in Psalm 29, Psalm 68 and Psalm 104 the comparison that the author could be describing Ball instead of Heehaw. Both are cloud riders and both control the rain. In all accounts it is clear hat God is separate from the rain and storms, God is not the rain or the storm but apart from it. God is the maker and giver of all things. In myth there is no separation only oneness with all things. Ball is god, Ball is nature and Ball is the idol. Ball cannot be separate from the storm because of continuity Ball is the storm. Chapter 6: The Bible And History: A Problem Of Definition The main distinction of biblical Old Testament thought is that God interacts in unique non-recurring events in a specific time and place. The Bible contends that the events are factual and happened as written. The idea that human choice and actions can effect outcomes in the natural world and that these choices are non-repeatable and are aligned toward a single measurable universal goal are all unique and recorded in the Bible. Definitions Of History: Like a myth, history needs a clear definition. History can refer to the recording of an event, the study of the past or Just a connected experience of an event in time and space. Oswald reviews different definitions and interpretations of what history means and how it will refer to the Old Testament. Oswald then offers his own definition: â€Å"A history is a narrative of a series f events revolving about human beings acting in time and space. Existing for the purpose of human self-knowledge, it purports to be an accurate account of all significant elements for the eventual outcome. † History is about the accurate account of human beings. Understandings Of Reality On Which History Writing Depends: In order to establish the importance of history, it must be established that the belief in human free will and choice is absolute. If not then history doesn’t matter. Oswald reviews six theological points and six historical practices of the ANNE that historic writings depend on: 1 . Humans are free and responsible. If there isn’t free will and choice then everything is preconditioned and Just part of a continuous cycle. History and the knowledge gained from the study of history cannot change a predetermined fate of a future event. Choice is Just an illusion. . ) There is cause an effect to an event in time and space. Things are not Just by chance as a result from events in the invisible world. 3. ) Truth is absolutely necessary to establish order to study history. If an event in history never happened, what is the point of learning from the choices made by a person in that event? If there is only speculation an d interpretation without fact, then the event is meaningless. 4. ) Humans are dynamic and goal- oriented. Humans must believe that we can change for the better. If we are Just part of a repetitive cycle there is no reason for goals and improvement. 5. Relationships within time and space have significance. If this is true then what happens in the physical world matters. If not relationships are all continuous and predetermined. 6. ) A consistent standard must be established to measure against. If there isn’t a standard there will never be agreement and it all becomes meaningless. Omens: An omen is a sign which foretells the results of a particular event or Journey. Omens diminish the value of free choice and lead to predetermination by the gods. In Babylonian culture much time has been spent on documenting all the different omens and meanings of their signs. King Lists: Is simply the names, lineage and length of each king being documented. Date Formulae: In ANNE it was standard practice each year to document the name of the ruling king with his title and announce what he accomplished within that particular year. Epic: Epics are narratives that reveal events of a hero on a Journey. Many of the characters have been found to be based on historic individuals with the feats based in fact. E. G. Ulysses was an actual character who fought in Troy and did have difficulty getting home. Royal Annals: These annals record in detail the events in each a kings reign. They describe in detail military conquest, building projects, interests and favorite topics of that king. Chronicles: Chronicles are an objective documented account of the life of a king describing his victories and defeats as well as his line of succession. It does not evaluate the value of the feats. Reasons For The Absence Of History Writing: Oswald outlines five reasons why there would not have been documented writings in the ANNE: 1 . ) Focus on â€Å"NOW’: If we conclude that the ANNE was founded on and believed in continuity then all that matters is the present. Nothing in the past or future influence or effect what was happening today. There was no need to document it. 2. ) Subjective Orientation: Historical writings gain credibility when written by an outside person. In the ANNE all is connected and one with each other so there is no outside or subjective opinion. There was no point to have it written by a neutral person as there is only me. . ) Multiplicity of Causes: In continuity there are infinite causes to an event. How the stars line up in the sky have more impact on what happens then human free choice. What happens in the invisible world effects the physical world giving infinite reasons why it happened. 4. ) Determinism: Choice is just an illusion because of the cyclical and interconnected nature of reality. In reality there are no choices because everything is dictated by outside forces. What a person does is predetermined regardless of what they believe. What is the point to document and study an event if they have no future choice? . ) Preoccupation with Order and Security: The forces in the cosmos are constantly battling each other over good and evil, creating and destroying at all times. Chaos is always around whether in the physical, material or political world. Security is completely dependent on the outcome of the victory of order. The study of events from the past would have no impact on the battles waged in the cosmos which is where order and security is decided. The Bible’s Unique Approach To Human-Historical Experience: 1 . ) Humans treated as Real Individuals: The Bible is radically different from other literature of the ANNE. The Bible uses characters that are real and human. Truth is found in the individual not in the normalcy of things, but in the character of that individual. The ANNE literature uses semi-gods and supernatural representatives which is contradictory to the Bible. The emphasis of the individual in the Bible is important and had no relevance in ANNE culture. 2. Failures and defeats Not Glossed Over: In the Bible both positive and negative traits of the individual character are highlighted. Failures are documented and Judged by God. There isn’t glory in failure as in Greek Eric literature, Just lessons to be learned. 3. Significance of relationships: The Bible deals explores in detail, relationships with individuals and with God. It does not pass over them as insignificant, but rather goes into them in detail from a purely neutral perspective. Our actions and what we do to others matter. What David chose to do with Bathes was done and Judged by the transcendent Heehaw. Heehaw dealt with the result, but allowed the choice of the individual to be made. 4. Significance of Human Choice: The Bible states that it is human choice that shapes the events on earth, not a predetermined continuous force in the cosmos. A person can interact with God, but that person has the right to choose and the results are determined by the choice. . Developmental Relationships: The Bible relates past events to the present and compares the results. This is completely in contrast to the ANNE literature which only deals in the â€Å"NOW’. The writings are strictly to document the current reign. They do not demonstrate or compare one reign to the next one. There is no purpose to documenting as it is Just another repetitive report in an endless continuous circumstance. Implications of Transcendence For Israel’s View Of Human- Historical Experience: Transcendence is the belief that God is separate and not part of the world. This concept is a major difference in approach to all the surrounding ANNE. Transcendence makes it impossible to believe that human events correspond to a mirror opposite invisible world. There isn’t a connection between the two, what happens in invisible world doesn’t affect the physical world. 1 . ) Possibility of Transcending Events: Since God is separate and apart from creation, there is a space beyond this created world. Since this world is purposefully created by God who judges all things, then there is a reason to act beyond ones own self-interest. This concept is documented many times in the Old Testament with how the individual relates to the covenant presented by God. There is a force outside this world to Judge the events of the individual. 2. ) Impossibility of misleading God: God is all knowing and all is revealed to God. You can’t fool God. In the ANNE the gods are part of the system, so they can be manipulated. I can document things that are not true because I can trick the gods. Not so with a separate God who created all and is transcendent. God knows everything and will Judge according to integrity of the individual’s choices and actions. God used the Prophet’s to write the history of the Bible and to uphold God’s integrity. All of Israel respected and knew that the Prophets were chosen by God. The Prophets could write the truth without fear of consequences of man. In the ANNE culture if a person wrote something the king didn’t like he could be killed. 3. ) A Simplified Understanding of Causation: In the Bible God is responsible for all and God has no rival. God is the only one to answer to and the cause of everything. Humans are personal and at the same time disconnected from God. Everything that a person chooses to do is either in defiance or compliant to God. This makes relationships with humans to God and humans to humans very significant. God wants our obedience and more importantly God wants a relationship with people. That is something that cannot be predetermined. 4. ) Speech as the Mode of Accomplishing Divine Purposes: God chose to communicate to his people by entering the lives of individual’s through personal experiences and non-recurring historical vents. Since God is not continuous, but separate from this world, one cannot participate in God’s life. Any attempt to do so is forbidden in the Bible as discussed in earlier chapters. So how does a person then participate in the life of God? By that person demonstrating an ethical character and obedience to God’s law, a person receives God’s blessing and approval. God reveals himself through the human historical experience at a specific time and space. Therefore what God does is very important and how it is truthfully documented is extremely significant. That is why commented history is captured. History writing As Myth-Making: ANNE culture used nature to express myth in culture. Did Israel choose another mode for myth and use historical myth to express their faith? The answer is no. In pagan worship idols are made from nature and nature is the gods. All is continuous with each other. There is no separation. With Israel God is not the history rather the history is the people who experience God along the way. This is because God is separate and transcendent. Israel, like the neighboring ANNE, attempted many times to place God in a box to control God. Unlike the recurring continuous pagan gods of the ANNE, God liked to perform miraculous one-time events to keep the people on track. God also used the prophets to constantly remind the people that they were different and God was different. The Hebrew therefore, does not witness faith by retelling a fictional story or by a ritual of drama to recreate an outcome. The Hebrew recites how God intervened with individuals and the nation of Israel that was directed by God through the prophets. Chapter 7: Is The Bible Truly historical? The Problem Of History (l) The Bible is thought by many to contain â€Å"historical-fiction†. Is the Bible history like or is it historical fact? The bigger question is, are biblical accounts history and does it matter? Historians argue that history is accepted only if complete human responsibility for events and outcomes are present. Clearly events and outcomes of the Bible are not only human responsibility. Other historians now believe that history is accepted if the historical writing is for a divine purpose. Human involvement and choice is always involved but divine intervention explains what happened. Since there is no way to document the purpose and true nature of God, we are only left tit speculation. E. G. There is no way to prove biblical accuracy to the events of the exodus. So does that make the Bible a myth or historical fact? History as Revelation: INADEQUACIES: The Bible can be considered as history revelation. That is the interpretations of God’s actions in the Bible are through humans and are flawed but still bear witness to the revelation of God. Revelation Is Not Confined to Divine Action: James Barr argued, the problem with this explanation is that the Bible doesn’t distinguish the division between revelation and witness to revelation. If there is a preference then the miracles all disappear and the reports of the events are not valid. If the only access to the events is the witness, then that source isn’t trustworthy; there is no truthful access to the acts at all. If history is rooted in faith the history disappears. This argument states there is no revelation in the Bible. The Bible is Just speculation, a vehicle of history writing the Hebrew people chose to use. Divine Action in History Is Not Unique to Israel: Another attack on the uniqueness of the historical revelation of the Bible is that there are many other cultures that use gods o intervene on behalf of an individual in a specific event in history. The thought that a god could act in history was not a new concept to the ANNE. Oswald stated the difference: â€Å"that this was the only place he acted that had significance for human beings, that those actions were according to a consistent, long term purpose, that he was using the details of human-historical behavior to reveal that purpose, and that he was Just as capable of using enemies as he was friends to accomplish his good purpose—that, I maintain, is not found anywhere else in the world, ancient or How to cite The Bible Among Myths, Papers

Socrates Essay Example

Socrates Essay Homers Iliad is a tragic account of the Trojan War based around the rage of Achilles son of Peleus against Agamemnon the King of Mycenae. Although the relationship between these two characters is the main one in the work, there are many others that are found. The relationship between the two men who start the war, Paris and Menelaus is one of hate and spite for one another. Hector, the strongest of the Trojan warriors, and Achilles, the champion of the Argives, have a similar relationship. The relationship between Paris and Hector, brothers and princes of Troy, is not as clear cut as the rest. Atfirst glance, the reader might feel that the two brothers are very different, and that they have a dislike for one another. Upon deeper reading, however, it is found that the two men are similar in many ways. The reader also sees a certain sympathy that is found between them. Thefirst confrontation between these two men in the work involves Hector severely scolding Paris for trying to back ou t from Menelaus challenge (3:42-92). Hector says many harsh things to his brother and is finally able to persuade him to step up to the challenge. Uponfirst glance, it may seem to the reader that Hector truly hated his brother specifically when he calls Paris a curse to your [Paris] father, your city and all your people (3:58). A deeper understanding, however, proves otherwise. As Hector mentions, if Paris were to back down, he would be a laughed at by all the troops. Hector scolds him in order to save him from this embarrassment. Hector wants his brothers image to be that of an honorable soldier in front of the enemies. His scolding gives Paris the courage to step up. In many instances in the work, insults and scolds are more than enough to rally someone to fight. This is especially seen in Book 2, when Odysseus insults are able to bring all the troops back from fleeing to their ships.